Routing Planning As An Application Of Graph Theory Prof Boominathan P, Kanchan Arora ABSTRACT:- This paper presents a routing algorithm that uses fuzzy logic technique to find the shortest routing path. The basic idea behind path. Sep 18, 2017 There are many terms when it comes to route optimization and route planning. In this blog post we describe the ones we use. Routing is the process of finding the best path between two or more locations with a fixed order in a road or rail network. The routing algorithm is used to determine mathematically the best path to take. Different routing algorithms use different methods to determine the best path. For example, a distance vector algorithm calculates a graph of all available routes by having each point (called a node) determine the 'cost' of travelling to each immediate neighbor.
A routing algorithm is a set of step-by-step operations used to direct Internet traffic efficiently. When a packet of data leaves its source, there are many different paths it can take to its destination. The routing algorithm is used to determine mathematically the best path to take.
Complexity Analysis of Routing Algorithms in Computer Networks 71 2.2 Complexity analysis The Algorithm 1 contains a description of a routing algorithm with routing tables in pseudocode. Recall that network is modeled by a graph G = (V, E) with maximum degree ∆. The algorithm is understood for routing in nodeu∈V. The Ohio State University Raj Jain 5- 4 Rooting or Routing Rooting is what fans do at football games, what pics do for truffles under oak trees in the Vaucluse, and what nursery workers intent on propagation do to.
Different routing algorithms use different methods to determine the best path. For example, a distance vector algorithm calculates a graph of all available routes by having each point (called a node) determine the 'cost' of travelling to each immediate neighbor. This information is collected for every node to create a distance table; which is used to determine the best path to from any one node to another.
Third Generation Routing Algorithm Has The Cost Function Keyed To Be
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
DCN Useful Resources
Selected Reading
When a device has multiple paths to reach a destination, it always selects one path by preferring it over others. This selection process is termed as Routing. Routing is done by special network devices called routers or it can be done by means of software processes.The software based routers have limited functionality and limited scope.
A router is always configured with some default route. A default route tells the router where to forward a packet if there is no route found for specific destination. In case there are multiple path existing to reach the same destination, router can make decision based on the following information:
Hop Count
Bandwidth
Metric
Prefix-length
Delay
Routes can be statically configured or dynamically learnt. One route can be configured to be preferred over others.
Unicast routing
Most of the traffic on the internet and intranets known as unicast data or unicast traffic is sent with specified destination. Routing unicast data over the internet is called unicast routing. It is the simplest form of routing because the destination is already known. Hence the router just has to look up the routing table and forward the packet to next hop.
Broadcast routing
By default, the broadcast packets are not routed and forwarded by the routers on any network. Routers create broadcast domains. But it can be configured to forward broadcasts in some special cases. A broadcast message is destined to all network devices.
Broadcast routing can be done in two ways (algorithm):
A router creates a data packet and then sends it to each host one by one. In this case, the router creates multiple copies of single data packet with different destination addresses. All packets are sent as unicast but because they are sent to all, it simulates as if router is broadcasting.
This method consumes lots of bandwidth and router must destination address of each node.
Secondly, when router receives a packet that is to be broadcasted, it simply floods those packets out of all interfaces. All routers are configured in the same way.
This method is easy on router's CPU but may cause the problem of duplicate packets received from peer routers. Microsoft visual studio 2010 product key free.
Reverse path forwarding is a technique, in which router knows in advance about its predecessor from where it should receive broadcast. This technique is used to detect and discard duplicates.
Multicast Routing
Multicast routing is special case of broadcast routing with significance difference and challenges. In broadcast routing, packets are sent to all nodes even if they do not want it. But in Multicast routing, the data is sent to only nodes which wants to receive the packets.
The router must know that there are nodes, which wish to receive multicast packets (or stream) then only it should forward. Multicast routing works spanning tree protocol to avoid looping.
Multicast routing also uses reverse path Forwarding technique, to detect and discard duplicates and loops.
Anycast Routing
Anycast packet forwarding is a mechanism where multiple hosts can have same logical address. When a packet destined to this logical address is received, it is sent to the host which is nearest in routing topology.
Anycast routing is done with help of DNS server. Whenever an Anycast packet is received it is enquired with DNS to where to send it. DNS provides the IP address which is the nearest IP configured on it.
Unicast Routing Protocols
There are two kinds of routing protocols available to route unicast packets:
Distance Vector Routing Protocol
Distance Vector is simple routing protocol which takes routing decision on the number of hops between source and destination. A route with less number of hops is considered as the best route. Every router advertises its set best routes to other routers. Ultimately, all routers build up their network topology based on the advertisements of their peer routers,
For example Routing Information Protocol (RIP).
Link State Routing Protocol
Link State protocol is slightly complicated protocol than Distance Vector. It takes into account the states of links of all the routers in a network. This technique helps routes build a common graph of the entire network. All routers then calculate their best path for routing purposes.for example, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (ISIS).
Multicast Routing Protocols
Unicast routing protocols use graphs while Multicast routing protocols use trees, i.e. spanning tree to avoid loops. The optimal tree is called shortest path spanning tree.
Protocol Independent Multicast is commonly used now. It has two flavors:
PIM Dense Mode
This mode uses source-based trees. It is used in dense environment such as LAN.
PIM Sparse Mode
This mode uses shared trees. It is used in sparse environment such as WAN.
Routing Algorithms
Third Generation Routing Algorithm Has The Cost Function Keyed To A Computer
The routing algorithms are as follows:
Flooding
Flooding is simplest method packet forwarding. When a packet is received, the routers send it to all the interfaces except the one on which it was received. This creates too much burden on the network and lots of duplicate packets wandering in the network.
Third Generation Routing Algorithm Has The Cost Function Keyed To A House
Time to Live (TTL) can be used to avoid infinite looping of packets. There exists another approach for flooding, which is called Selective Flooding to reduce the overhead on the network. In this method, the router does not flood out on all the interfaces, but selective ones.
Shortest Path
Routing decision in networks, are mostly taken on the basis of cost between source and destination. Hop count plays major role here. Shortest path is a technique which uses various algorithms to decide a path with minimum number of hops.
Common shortest path algorithms are:
Third Generation Routing Algorithm Has The Cost Function Keyed To Car